Encyclopaedia of the Middle Ages
By André Vauchez (editor)

List of Contributors • A - C

Simonne Abraham-Thisse (Univ. of Lille): Albert of Buxhövden; Balts; Brandenburg; Leipzig; Lübeck; Marienburg; Riga

Lesley Abrams (Univ. of Wales, Aberystwyth): Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms; Bury Saint Edmunds; Glastonbury

Gian Carlo Alessio (Univ. of Venice): Pietro Della Vigna

Micheline Albert (CNRS): ‘Abdisho of Nisibis; Dadisho Qatraya; Dionysius Bar Salibi; George of the Arabs; Isaac of Nineveh; Isho'dad of Merv; Jacobites; John of Dalyatha (John Sabas); Joseph Hazzaya (the Seer); Michael the Great (Michael the Syrian); Moses Bar Kepha; Nestorians; Theodore Bar Koni; Thomas of Marga

Danièle Alexandre-Bidon (Univ. of Lyon II): Shroud

Dominique Alibert: Alpha - Omega; Tetramorph

Franca Allegrezza (Italian Historical Institute for the Middle Ages, Rome): Orsini

Sylvie Allemand (French School, Rome): Fulda; Usury (the West)

Christian Amalvi (Univ. of Montpellier): Middle Ages

Annamaria Ambrosioni (La Ricerca Catholic Univ.): Milan

Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi (EHESS, Paris): Ali; Shi’ism/Shi’ites

Ysabel de Andia (CNRS): Dionysius the Areopagite (Pseudo-); Hilduin

Élisabeth Antoine: Donor; Ex-Voto

Bernard Ardura (Pontifical Council for Culture, Vatican): Norbert of Zanten; Premonstratensians

Mathieu Arnoux (Univ. of Paris VII): Ban/Banalité; Castellany; Duel; Fécamp; Forge; Metals/Metallurgy; Normandy; Oath; Ordeal; Perjury; Placitum; Technology (Medieval); Youth

Jean-Christophe Attias (EPHE): Abravanel (Isaac); Karaites

Jean-Baptiste Auberger (Vézelay): Ælred of Rievaulx; Alberic (Aubrey); Cistercians/Cîteaux; Guerric of Igny; Isaac of Stella; La Ferté; Molesmes; Morimond; Stephen Harding; Vézelay; Villers

Michel Aubrun: Chaise-Dieu, La

Martin Aurell (Univ. of Poitiers): Alfonso V of Aragon; Barcelona; Catalonia; Cid (the); Eiximenis (Francesc); Honour (Sense of); Montserrat; Perpignan; Peter I of Aragon; Peter II of Aragon; Peter III of Aragon; Peter IV of Aragon; Poblet; Ripoll; Tarragona

Françoise Autrand (ENS, Paris): Charles V; Charles VI; Charles VII; Charles VIII; Civil Office; Court (Royal); Ordinance; Paris (History); Parlement of France; Representative Assembly

Marie-France Auzépy (Univ. of Paris VIII): Constantine V; Germanus I of Constantinople; Iconoclasm; Irene (Empress); Isaurians; Leo V the Armenian; Methodius of Constantinople; Nicaea (Second Council of); Nicephorus I (Emperor); Nicephorus I of Constantinople; Orthodoxy (Feast of); Stephen the Younger; Synodikon of Orthodoxy

Joseph Avril (CNRS): Archdeacon (the West); Archpriest/Rural Dean; Calends (Ecclesiastical Institution); Canonical Institution; Capitula Episcoporum; Chaplain; Chaplaincy; Churchwarden; Cura Animarum/Cure of Souls; Fabrica; Parish; Parish Dues; Parish Priest; Portio Congrua; Provincial Council; Synod (the West); Statutes (Synodal); Tithe

Gordana Babic † (Univ. of Belgrade): Danilo II of Serbia; Kosovo Polje (Blackbird’s Field); Nemanyich; Sava of Serbia; Stefan Dusan

Michele Bacci (Univ. of Consenza): Christ (Iconography)

Pierre-Yves Badel (Univ. of Paris VIII): Adam de La Halle; Allegory; Arts of Love; Arts of Poetry; Fable/Fabliau; Puy; Rhetoric (the West); Romance (the West); Treatise

Florentina Badalanova (School of East European and Slavonic Studies, Univ. of London): Boris and Gleb

Michel Balard (Univ. of Paris I): Amalfi; Baldwin I of Jerusalem; Baldwin II of Jerusalem; Caffa; Coinage (the West); Columbus (Christopher); Crete; Crimea; Cyprus (Political and Economic History); Genoa; Gold; Latin States of the East; Nicopolis; Ports; Silk; Spices; Timur Lenk (Tamerlane)

Michel Balivet (Univ. of Aix-Marseille I): Confraternities (Muslim); Khayyam (‘Umar); Ottomans;Rumi; Turks

Daniel Baloup (Univ. of Pau): Adoptianism; Beatus of Liébana; Book; Celestine III; Elipandus of Toledo; Eugenius of Toledo; Eulogio of Cordova; Hermits of Saint Augustine (Order of); Ildefonsus of Toledo; Innocent II; Julian of Toledo; Leander of Seville; Martin of Braga; Passionary; Sacred College; San Juan de la Peña; San Millan de la Cogolla; Valerius of Bierzo

Michel Banniard (Univ. of Toulouse): Abbo of Saint-Germain; Alcuin; Cassiodorus; Isidore of Seville; Otloh of Sankt Emmeran; Rabanus Maurus; Rather of Verona; Vernacular Languages

David Banon (Univ. of Geneva): Maimonides (Moses); Rashi

Juliusz Bardach (Univ. of Lodz): Belarus

Sylvie Barnay (Institute of France) Apparition; Ave Maria; John of Roquetaillade; Loreto; Mary (Virgin, Spirituality); Vision/Visionary

Christine Barnel (Univ. of Paris X): Bastide; Narthex

Giulia Barone (La Sapienze Univ., Rome): Angela of Foligno; Aracoeli; Clare of Montefalco; Cola di Rienzo; Elias of Cortona; Frances of Rome; Franciscans/Franciscanism; Jubilee; Mendicant Orders; Peter John Olivi; Reader; Urban VI

Jean-Pierre Barraque (Univ. of Pau): Pyrenees

Attilio Bartoli Langeli (Univ. of Padua): Assisi; Perugia; Podestà; Spoleto

Jérôme Baschet (EHESS, Paris): Abraham’s Bosom; Demon/Demonology (the West); Hell (Doctrine and Iconography); Judgment (Particular); Last Judgment (Doctrine and Iconography); Leviathan; Weighing of Souls

Brigitte Basdevant-Gaudemet (Univ. of Paris XI): Bernold of Constance; Burchard of Worms; Canonical Collections; Clementine Collection; Election; Erection

Louis Jacques Bataillon (Commissio Leonina, Grottaferrata): Distinctions (Biblical); Durand of Saint-Pourçain; Giordano of Pisa; Hugh of Saint-Cher; James of the Marches; Paul (Apostle, Exegesis); Pecia; Peter of Tarentaise; Psalms; Quaestio/Question; Quodlibet

Priscilla Baumann (Radcliffe College, MA): Clermont; Saint-Nectaire

Jean Baumgarten (Univ. of Paris VIII): Yiddish

Maylis Baylé: Caen; Jumièges; Saint-Wandrille

Joëlle Beaucamp (CNRS): Women (History, Byzantium)

Brigitte Beaujard (Univ. of Tours): Gregory of Tours, Martin of Tours

Colette Beaune (Univ. of Paris X): Capetians; Cauchon (Pierre); Crown (History); France; Holy Blood; King/Kingdom; Lily; Michael (Archangel); Monarchy; Pastoureaux; Prophecy; Saint-Denis; Songe du Verger

Roland Bechmann (Editor, "Aménagement et Nature"): Forest; Masons; Villard de Honnecourt

Jean Becquet (Abbey of Ligugé): Augustine (Rule of Saint); Canons (Regular); Grandmont; Ligugé; Marmoutier

Cristina Belloni (Univ. of Milan): Pavia; Sforza; Visconti

Anna Benvenuti Papi (Univ. of Florence): Conradin of Swabia; Florence; Jesuates; John Bonus; Juliana Falconieri; Mantellates; Margaret of Cortona; Olivetans; Salutati (Coluccio); Third Orders; Zita of Lucca

Gilles Berceville, (O.P.): Blasphemy; Catenae (Biblical, the West); Christology; John the Evangelist (History and Cult); Resurrection of the Body; Supererogatory Works; Word

Nicole Bériou (Univ. of Lyon II): Gifts of the Holy Spirit; Godfrey of Fontaines; Hearts (Exchange of); Robert of Sorbon; Visconti (Federico)

Jacques Berlioz (CNRS): Anthropology (Historical); Bernard of Clairvaux; Caesarius of Heisterbach; Exempla; Gesture; Herolt (Johannes); Stephen of Bourbon; Superstition (Folk Culture); Term

Rainer Berndt (Univ. of Frankfurt): Andrew of Saint-Victor; Godfrey of Saint-Victor; Peter Comestor; Richard of Saint-Victor; William of Champeaux

Luca Bianchi (Univ. of Vercelli): Aristotle/Aristotelianism (the West); Boethius of Dacia; Gregory of Rimini; Robert Pullen; Siger of Brabant

Thierry Bianquis (Univ. of Lyon): Damascus; Fatimids; Hakim (al-)

Joël Biard (CNRS): John Buridan; Marsilius of Inghen; Thomas Bradwardine; Universals

Jean-Marc Bienvenu † : Eleanor of Aquitaine; Fontevraud; Plantagenets

Jean-Louis Biget (ENS, Fontenay/Saint-Cloud): Albi; Bernard Délicieux; Bernard Gui; Tallage

Peter Biller (Univ. of York): Lollards; Oldcastle (Sir John); Netter (Thomas); Wycliffe (John)

Claudine Billot (CNRS): Chapel; Sainte-Chapelle of Paris; Saintes Chapelles

Jean Blankoff (Univ. of Brussels): Kremlin; Rublev (Andrei); Theophanes the Greek

Marita Blattmann (Ruhr Univ., Bochum): Bergamo

Renate Blumenfeld-Kosinski (Univ. of Pittsburgh): Bodel (Jehan); Courtly Love; Marie de Champagne

François Boespflug (Univ. of Strasbourg): Anthropomorphism; Circuminsession; Credo; Filioque (Iconography); God (Iconography); God the Father; Illumination; Image (Religious)

Thérèse Boespflug (Saint-Louis de France Centre, Rome): Liber Censuum; Marches; Martin IV; Nicholas III; Nicholas IV; Paschal II; Patrimony of Saint Peter; States of the Church

Zdenek Bohác: Bohemia

Marc Boilloux: Antichrist (Exegesis)

Martine Boiteux (EHESS, Paris): Carnival

Serge Bonino: Abstraction; Act and Potency; Analogy; Beatitude/Happiness; Being (Essence, Existence); Cause and Effect; Ontology; Participation; Realism

Pierre Bonnassie (Univ. of Toulouse): Serfdom; Villa

Pierre Bonnerue: Cassian (John); Cell; Cellarer; Hour; Lectio Divina; Rules (Monastic)

Jean-Pierre Bordier (Univ. of Tours): Eulalia; Mysteries; Play (Liturgical); Sacra Rapresentazione; Theatre (Medieval)

Jaroslav Boubín: George of Podebrady; Jacobellus of Stribro; Rokycana (Jan); Unity of Brethren

Gaëlle Boucher: Savigny; Vitalis of Savigny

Jean-Patrice Boudet (Univ. of Paris X): Astrology; Louis XI; Zodiac

François Bougard (French School, Rome): Incastellamento; Italy; Latium; Liutprand of Cremona; Ravenna; San Michele della Chiusa; Vivarium

Jacques-Guy Bougerol (Franciscan Convent, Paris): Alexander of Hales; Bonaventure; Convent; Gilbert of Tournai; Hope; Humility; John of La Rochelle; Mercy; Peter Aureoli; Richard de Mediavilla; San Damiano; Sentences; Theologalis

Jacques Bouineau (Univ. of La Rochelle): Huguccio; Johannes Andreae; John Le Moine; John Teutonicus; Lawrence of Spain

Olivier Boulnois (EPHE): Love

Alain Boureau (EHESS, Paris): Ampulla (Holy); Claudius of Turin; Golden Legend; Jacobus de Voragine; Joan (Pope); Martin of Opava; Nails; Priesthood; Thaumaturgical Powers

Pascale Bourgain (ENC): Biographies

Jean-Marie Bourgeois: Nicholas of Cusa

Monique Bourin (Univ. of Paris VIII): Languedoc; Names (Personal)

Denise Bouthillier (Fonds National Suisse de la Recherche Scientifique): Peter the Venerable

Régis Boyer (Sorbonne, Paris): Cnut; Denmark; Ebbo of Reims; Eddas; Greenland; Harald/Bluetooth; Iceland; Jon Ögmundarson; Norway; Óláfr Haraldsson; Óláfr Tryggvason; Runic Script; Sagas; Saxo Grammaticus; Scaldic Poetry; Scandinavia; Thorlákr Thórhallsson; Vikings

Anca Bratu (Univ. of Paris IV): Descent into Hell (Doctrine and Iconography); Dragon; Limbo; Paradise; Psychopomp; Purgatory; Saint Patrick’s Purgatory

Philippe Braunstein (EHESS, Paris): Banking; Capital/Capitalism; Hanse/Hanseatic Towns

Anne Brenon (Conservateur Honoraire du Patrimoine de France): Bible (Translation); Carcassonne; Cathars/Albigenses; Dualism; Metempsychosis

Henri Bresc (Univ. of Paris VIII ): Cefalù; Frederick III of Aragon (King of Sicily); Malta; Manfred; Monreale; Palermo; Roger I of Sicily; Roger II of Sicily; Sicilian Vespers; Sicily; Slavery (the West); William I of Sicily; William II of Sicily

Geneviève Bresc-Bautier (Louvre Museum, Paris): Holy Sepulchre; Holy Sepulchre (Order of Canons of)

Geneviève Brunel-Lobrichon: Oc (Langue d’)

Roberto Buccoliero (Independent Scholar): Gregory I the Great

Geneviève Bührer-Thierry (Univ. of Marne-la-Vallée): Aachen; Arnulf of Carinthia; Chur; Cologne; Constance; Einsiedeln; Emmeram; Frankfurt am Main; Fridolin; Gebhard of Constance; Kilian; Louis II (Emperor); Louis II the German; Louis III; Louis IV the Child; Mainz; Odilo of Bavaria; Reichenau; Salzburg; Swabia; Ulrich of Augsburg; Virgil of Salzburg; Willigis of Mainz; Worms

Neithard Bulst (Univ. of Bielefeld): William of Volpiano

Michel Bur (Univ. of Nancy II): Louis VI the Fat; Suger of Saint-Denis; William of Saint-Thierry

Charles Burnett (Warburg Institute, Univ. of London): Adelard of Bath

Jörg W. Busch (Univ. of Münster): Sicard of Cremona

Maria Christina Buschi (Independent Scholar): Abbess; Compostela (Cult of Saint James); Creation (Italy)

Cécile Caby (Univ. of Nice): Ascesis/Asceticism (the West); Camaldolese; Corsica; Hairshirt; Romuald

Michel Cacouros (EPHE): Aristotle/Aristotelianism (Byzantium)

Jacqueline Caille (Univ. of Montpellier III): Narbonne

Philippe Cailleux: Rouen

Emmanuelle Caillier: Churching; Purification of the Virgin

Juliette Callies: Embroidery; Tapestry

Joanna Cannon (Courtauld Institute, Univ. of London): Lorenzetti (Pietro and Ambrogio); Martini (Simone)

Glauco Maria Cantarella (Univ. of Bologna): Nicolaitism; Simony; Sutri

André Cantin (CNRS): Alger of Liège; Berengar of Tours

Philippe Capelle (ICP): Sacraments (Theology)

Niccolò Capponi: Garter (Order of the)

Jean-Marie Carbasse (Univ. of Paris II): Adultery; Parricide

Franco Cardini (Univ. of Florence): Holy Land; Jerusalem (History, Place in the Medieval Imagination)

Fanny Caroff (Univ. of Paris I): Creation (Iconography); Genesis (Iconography); Melchizedek; Visitation

Claude Carozzi (Univ. of Provence): Adalbero of Laon; Antichrist (Spirituality); Carolingians; Douceline of Digne; Louis the Pious; Social Order

Élisabeth Carpentier (Univ. of Poitiers): Orvieto

Anthony D. Carr (Univ. of Wales, Bangor): Bangor; Llandaff; Mabinogion; Wales

Jean-Christophe Cassard (Univ. of Western Brittany): Eon of Stella; Yves Hélory

Luigi Cattani (Univ. of Venice): K.imh.i (David)

Olivier Caudron: Philippe de Mézières

Matei Cazacu (CNRS): Moldavia; Transylvania; Walachia

Claude Cazalé-Bérard (Univ. of Lille III): Boccaccio

Odile Celier (ICP): Shroud (Holy); Tunics (Holy)

Marie-Madeleine de Cevins (Univ. of Angers): Buda and pest; Esztergom; Hunyadi; Kalocsa; Matthias I Corvinus; Mohacs; Pannonhalma; Pannonia; Stephen I of Hungary

Jacqueline Chabbi (Univ. of Paris VIII): Hallaj (al-); Koran; Mecca; Medicine; Muh.ammad; Sufism

Viachaslau Chamiarycki (National Academy of Sciences, Belarus): Skaryna (Francysk)

Thérèse Charmasson (Centre for Research in the History of Science and Technology, Paris): Geomancy

Yves Chartier (Univ. of Ottawa): Hucbald of Saint-Amand

Albert Châtelet: Boucicaut Master; Campin (Robert); Froment (Nicolas); Malouel or Maelwael (Jan); Marmion (Simon); Memling (Hans); Painting (Easel); Primitives; Schongauer (Martin); Van der Weyden (Rogier); Van Eyck (Hubert and Jan); Vassalage; Witz (Conrad)

Fabienne Chaube (Univ. of Paris X): Filles-Dieu; Prostitution; Repenties

Benoît Chauvin (CNRS): Fontenay; Grange

Mireille Chazan (Univ. of Metz): Metz

Abdesselam Cheddadi (Harvard Univ.): Ibn Khaldun

Bernard Chevalier (Univ. of Tours): Corporation; Échevin; Francis of Paola; Guild; Labour; Maillard (Olivier); Minims; Tours; Town; Work

Jean-Claude Cheynet (Univ. of Paris IV): Acclamations (Byzantium); Angelus (Dynasty); Apocrisiary; Army (Byzantium); Basileus; Byzantine Empire; Comnenus; Coronation (Byzantium); Ducas; Exarchate; Leo of Ohrid; Macedonian Dynasty; Michael Cerularius; Monogram; Nicaea (Empire of); Nicholas Mysticus; Peter of Antioch; Porphyrogenete; Seal/Sigillography (Byzantium); Theme; Theodore II Lascaris

Anna Maria Chiavacci (Univ. of Siena): Dante Alighieri

Monica Chiellini Nari: Antelami (Benedetto); Cathedra; Cloak; Holy Face; Mary (Virgin, Iconography); Modena; Pisa; Pisanello; Pisano (Giovanni); Sexuality (Iconography); Unicorn

Adele Cilento (Univ. of Turin): Daniil the Hegumen

Giulio Cipollone (Gregorian Univ., Rome): John of Matha; Trinitarians

Jacques Clémens: Aquitaine

John Coakley (New Brunswick Theological Seminary, NJ): Devotional Literature; Spiritual Direction (the West)

Alan B. Cobban (Univ. of Liverpool): Edward II of England

Isabelle Cochelin (Univ. of Toronto): Novice; Oblate; Profession (Monastic)

Marie-Noël Colette (EPHE): Guido of Arezzo; Neume; Plainchant; Procession (the West); Prosa; Rhythm; Sequence; Solmization; Trope (the West)

Georges Comet (Univ. of Provence): Agricultural Techniques; Clearances; Famine (the West); Mill; Peasant (the West); Water

Marie-Hélène Congourdeau (CNRS): Adelphaton; Alexis (Legend of); Archbishop/Archbishopric (Byzantium); Archdeacon (Byzantium); Athanasius I of Constantinople; Azyme/Azymites; Bishop/Bishopric (Byzantium); Blemmydes (Nicephorus); Byzantine Church; Cabasilas (Nicholas); Canonization (Byzantium); Conception of the Virgin Mary (Byzantium); Contraception (Byzantium); Deacon/Diaconate (Byzantium); Demetrius Cydones; Diptychs; Dormition (Koimèsis); Double Monastery (Byzantium); Epidemics (Byzantium); Euthymius Zigabenus; George Scholarius (Gennadius II); Great Church; Hagiography (Byzantium, 11th-15th cc.); Hesychasm; Homily/Homiliary (Byzantium); Idiorrhythm; John VIII Xiphilinus; John XI Beccus; John XIV Calecas; Leper/Leprosy (Byzantium); Liturgists (Byzantium); Maximus Confessor; Medicine (Byzantium); Metropolitan (Byzantium); Monasticism (Byzantium, 11th-15th cc.); Mysticism (Byzantium); Nicetas Choniates; Palaeologus (Dynasty); Patriarch/Patriarchat; Penance (Byzantium); Penitentials (Byzantium); Philocalia; Psellus (Michael); Sacellarius; Schèma; Schism/Schismatic (Byzantium); Sickness (Byzantium); Soul (Animation, Byzantium); Spiritual Direction (Byzantium); Symeon Metaphrastes; Symeon of Thessalonica; Symeon the New Theologian; Synod (Byzantium); Theobald of Okrid; Theodore the Studite; Translations/Translators (Arabic to Greek); Translations/Translators (Latin to Greek); Union of the Churches; Usury (Byzantium)

Philippe Contamine (Univ. of Paris IV): Commynes (Philippe de); Froissart (Jean); Joan of Arc; Just War; Nobles/Nobility; Territorial Principality

René-Georges Coquin (EPHE): Alexandria; Arabic Christian Literature; Coptic/Copts; Gabriel II (Ibn al-Turayk); Scetis

Patrick Corbet (Univ. of Nancy): Adalbert of Prague; Cunegund; Nicholas of Myra (the West); Otto I/Ottonians; Otto II; Otto III; Quedlinburg; Renovatio Imperii Romanorum; Saxons/Saxony; Widukind

Jean Coste † : Ausculta Fili; Boniface VIII; Clericis Laicos

Sophie Coussemacker: Hieronymites; Pecha (Alonso)

David Coxall: Chelles

André Crépin (Univ. of Paris IV): Chaucer (Geoffrey)

Dáibhí Ó Cróinín (Univ. of Cambridge): Armagh; Dublin; Ireland

Benoît Cursente (Univ. of Nice): Sauveté

Michael Cusato (Siena College, Loudonville, NY): Caesarius of Speyer; Conventuals; Fraternity; John of Parma; Michael of Cesena; Nicholas (V, Antipope); Portiuncula; Poverty (Voluntary); Spirituals; Tau (Sign of); Thomas of Celano