Encyclopaedia of the Middle Ages
By André Vauchez (editor)

List of Contributors • Q - Z

Diego Quaglioni (Univ. of Pisa): Jurists (Italian)

Jeannine Quillet (Univ. of Paris XII): Alvaro Pelayo; Augustine of Ancona; Dietrich of Niem; Ecclesiology; Giles of Rome; Henry of Langenstein; Infallibility (Papal); James of Viterbo; Jean Quidort; John of Jandun; Marsilius of Padua; Nicholas of Dinkelsbühl; Temporal Power; Theocracy

Claudia Rabel (CNRS): Book of Hours

Paulius Rabikauskas (Gregorian Univ., Rome): Lithuania

Jean-Michel Rabotin (UNESCO): Hispanic Liturgy

Pierre Racine (Univ. of Strasbourg): Commerce; Merchant; Money; Piacenza

Nigel Ramsay (University College, Univ. of London): Canterbury

Daniela Rando (Univ. of Trent): Monte di Pietà

Francis Rapp (Univ. of Strasbourg): Burrsfeld

Sergio Raveggi (Univ. of Siena): Popolo

Odile Redon (Univ. of Paris VIII): Catherine of Siena; Notary/Notariate; Siena; William of Malavalle/Guillemites

Lucien Regnault (Abbey of Saint Peter, Solesmes): Apopthegmata

André Renon: Misericord (Monastic Iconography); Saint-Claude; Stalls

Annie Renoux (Univ. of Le Mans): Castle (Fortificaion); Palace (the West)

François Reynaud (Univ. of Tours): Choir School

Jean Richard (Univ. of Burgundy): Andrew of Longjumeau; Blanche of Castile; Chaldeans; China (Christianity in); Cumans; Cyprus (Religious and Cultural History); Genghis Khan; Golden Horde; Guy of Lusignan; Indian Christians; John of Montecorvino; John of Plano Carpini; Keraits; Khazars; Lusignan; Mongol Empire; Morocco (Christianity in); Öngüt; Ordoric of Pordenone; Pechenegs; Prester John; Qubilai; Riccoldo of Montecroce; Samarkand

Pierre Riché (Univ. of Paris X): Abecedarium; Avars; Barbarians; Capitularies; Charles Martel; Child/Children; Dance; Dhuoda; Echternach; Education; Einhard; Elementary Instruction; Evangelization; Gerbert of Aurillac; Hermann Contractus; Hersfeld; Landévennec; Leodegar of Autun; Literacy; Notker Labeo (Teutonicus); Notker the Stammerer; Paganism; Paschasius Radbertus; Paulinus of Aquileia; Peter of Pisa; Pippin the Short; Ratramnus of Corbie; Robertians; Zacharias

Dominique Rigaux (CNRS): Alps; Angelica (Fra); Banquet; Bernadino of Feltre; Blessed Bread; Blood (Precious); Bolsena (Miracle of); Christopher; Corpus Christi (Corpus Domini); Crib; Emmaus (Meeting at); Host (Eucharistic); Judas; Manna; Mass (Iconography); Name of Jesus; Nimbus; Servile Works; Sunday; Tabernacle; Veronica; Wounds of Christ

Siegfried Ringler: Ebner (Christine); Engeltal; Töss

Gérard Rippe: Padua

Christian Robin (Univ. of Aix-en-Provence): Arabia (Christians and Jews in)

Françoise Robin (Univ. of Montpellier III): Patronage (Artistic)

Antonio Romiti (Univ. of Florence): Castracani (Castruccio)

Irène Rosier (CNRS): Grammar; Sign

Simone Roux (Univesity of Paris VIII): House

Michel Rubellin (Univ. of Lyon II): Ado of Vienne; Agobard of Lyon; Baptism; Godparents; Scrutinies

Miri Rubin (Queen Mary and Westfield College, Univ. of London): Eucharist (the West); Host (Desecration of); Juliana of Mont-Cornillon

Adeline Rucquoi (CNRS): Alcántara (Order of); Burgos; Castile; Compostela; Cortes; Galicia (Spain); León; Marrano; Reconquest (Reconquista); Spain (Christian); Valladolid; Valladolid (Congregation of)

Doris Ruhe (Univ. of Greifswald): Elucidarium

Roberto Rusconi (Univ. of L’Aquila): John of Capestrano; Millenarianism; Preaching

Daniel Russo (Univ. of Burgundy): Annunciation; Art/Artist; Assumption; Babel (Tower of); Cimabue; Cloud; Cross/Crucifix/Crucifixion; Duccio di Buoninsegna; Ecce Homo; Evangelists; Flagellation of Christ; Gaddi (Taddeo); Gentile da Fabriano; Giotto; Glory; Holy Family; Jerome; John the Baptist; Madonna; Majesty; Martyr; Martyrdom; Noli Me Tangere; Pentecost; Peter of Verona (Peter Martyr); Portrait; Quattrocento; Retable (Altarpiece); Throne

Lennart Rydén (Univ. of Uppsala): Apocalyptic Literature (Byzantium)

Alain Saint-Denis (Univ. of Burgundy): Commune (France); Guibert of Nogent; Louis VII The Young

Patrizia Salvadori (Fondazione Ezio Franceschini, Florence): Medici

María José Sánchez Usón (Univ. of La Rioja): Aragon; Balearics; Calatrava (Order of); Saint James (Order of); Saragossa

Franjo Šanjek (Univ. of Zagreb): Albanians; Bosnia; Dalmatia; Dubrovnik (Ragusa); John Stojkovic of Ragusa; Skanderberg;

Mauro Sanna (Univ. of Sassari): Campidano; Carta de Logu; Constance of Hauteville; Constitutions of Melfi; Eleonora of Arborèa; Judicate

Danièle Sansy: Antijudaism

Francesco Santi (Ezio Franceschini Foundation, Florence): Apocalypse of John (Exegesis); Apocalyptic Literature (West); Arnold of Villanova; Joachim of Fiore (Historiography); Lull (Raymond); Lullism

Catherine Santschi (State Archives, Geneva): Eremitism; Nicholas of Flue; Saint-Maurice d’Agaune

Christian Sapin (CNRS): Autun; Auxerre; Choir Enclosure; Pre-Romanesque Art; Tournus

Lucetta Scaraffia (Univ. of Rome): Rita of Cascia

Margot Schmidt (Catholic Univ. of Eichstätt): Ebner (Margaret); Elizabeth of Schönau; Gertrude the Great; Helfta; Henry of Nördlingen; Mechthilde of Hackeborn; Mechthilde of Magdeburg

Bertrand Schnerb (Univ. of Lille III): Army (the West); Cavalry; Companies of Fortune (France); Host (Military); Hundred Years’ War; Routiers; Tournament

Rolf Schönberger (Univ. of Regensburg): Evil; Form and Matter; Hylomorphism; John Peckham; Scholasticism; Thomas of Strasbourg

Fabio Sebasti and Valeria Sebasti (Independent Scholars): Perugino; Pinturicchio; Pollaiolo (Antonio); Pollaiolo (Piero); Robbia (Luca Della and Andrea Della); Rosselli (Cosimo); Rossellino (Bernardo and Antonio)

Valeria Sebasti (Independent Scholar): Quattrocento; Sassetta (Stefano); Vecchietta (Lorenzo)

Gabrielle Sed-Rajna (CNRS): Hebrew Manuscripts

Evá Semotanová (IHP): Prague

Philippe Sénac (Univ. of Poitiers): Almohads; Almoravids; Ibn Pakuda; Spain (Muslim Al-Andalus, Art and History)

Michel Serfaty (Univ. of Nancy II): Abraham Ibn Ezra; Massorah

Giuseppe Sergi (Univ. of Turin): Turin

Patrice Sicard: Hugh of Saint-Victor; Saint-Victor at Paris (House and Order of)

Pierre-André Sigal (Univ. of Montpellier III): Holy Lance; Miracle (the West); Miraculous Healing; Peter the Hermit; Pilgrim/Pilgrimage

Robert E. Sinkewicz (Univ. of Toronto): Monasticism (Italo-Greek); Palamas (Gregory and Palamism)

Frantisek Šmahel (Central European Univ.): Hus (Jan)/Hussites; Jerome of Prague; Taborites

Irène Sorlin (CNRS): Caves (Monastery of the); Computus (Ecclesiastical, Byzantium); Demon/Demonology (Byzantium); Hilarion of Kiev; Iaroslav the Wise; Riurikids; Rus’ (Kievan); Theodosius of the Caves; Time (Byzantium); Varangians

Michel Sot (Univ. of Paris X): Adalard of Corbie; Adso of Montier-en-Der; Annals; Charles the Bald; Chrodegang of Metz; Flodoard; Florus of Lyon; Haimo of Auxerre; Hincmar of Reims; Nicholas I; Regino of Prüm; Theodulf of Orléans; Trosly

Véronique Souche: Vallombrosa

Thierry Soulard: Jean Deschamps; Limoges; Rood Screen

Dominique Sourdel (Univ. of Paris IV): Abbasids; Baghdad; Caliph; Emir; Umayyads

Jean-Michel Spieser (Univ. of Fribourg): Constantinople; Palace (Byzantium); Thessalonica; Town Planning (Byzantium)

Nathalie Stalmans (Univ. of Strasbourg): Namur

Michel Stanesco (Univ. of Strasbourg): Dit; Farce; Gautier de Coincy; John of Garland; Jongleur; Poetry (Medieval, French); Troubadour/Trouvère; Villon (François)

Martial Staub (Max Planck Institute): Albert of Behaim; Augsburg; Bavaria; Biel (Gabriel); Corbinian; Ekkehard; Ekkehard of Aura; Ellwangen; Gutenberg (Johannes); Heynlin (Jean); John of Neumarkt; Lochner (Stephan); Marburg; Nuremberg; Otto of Freising; Passau; Regensburg; Sebald; Tegernsee; Ulm; Wittelsbach; Würzburg

Carlos G. Steel (Wulf Manion Centre, Louvain): Neoplatonism

Attilio Stendardi (Città Nuova): Andorra; Apophatic/Cataphatic (Historical and Theological Evolution); Casamari; Companies of Fortune (Italy); Escheat (Italy); Fief (Legal and Historical Evolution); Fossanova; Immunity; Legacy; Liechtenstein; Magna Carta (Politico-Historical Event); March; Misericord (Historical Note); Monaco; Monte Frumentario; Normans in Italy; Novalesa; Pardon of the Portiuncula; Pijjut; Praglia; Sambucina; San Clemente at Casauria; San Fruttuoso at Capodimonte; San Marino; San Martino al Cimino; Theodoric the Great; Traversari (Ambrogio); Umbria

Maria Carolina Stendardi (Independent Scholar): Masaccio; Veneziano (Domenico); Piero Della Francesca

Maria Chiara Stendardi (Independent Scholar): Lippi, Filippo; Verrocchio (Andrea Del); Uccello (Paolo)

Louis Stouff (College of Preachers, Aix-en-Provence): Arles

Loris Sturlese (Univ. of Lecce): Albert the Great; Platonism (Medieval); Theodoric of Freiberg; Ulrich of Strasbourg

François Suard (Univ. of Paris X): Arthur; Chanson de Geste; Chanson de Roland; Chrètien de Troyes; Epic Literature; Geoffrey of Monmouth; Grail; Lancelot; Merlin; Perceval; Round Table (Knights of the); Turpin (Pseudo-)

Tiziana Suarez Nani (Univ. of Fribourg): Beauty; End (Finality); Intelligences; Order; Raymond of Sebonde; Time (the West)

Andrea Tabarroni (Univ. of Udine): Anagni

Vincent Tabbagh (Univ. of Burgundy): Archbishop/Archbishopric (the West); Bishop/Bishopric (the West); Celibacy (Ecclesiastical, the West); Clerical Orders; Clerics; Coadjutor; Diocese; Metropolitan (the West); Official/Officiality; Parson; Pluralism of Benefices; Primate; Residence; Secular Clergy; Suffragan; Title (Canonical); Vicar

Élisabeth Taburet-Delahaye (Louvre Museum, Paris): Censer; Chalice; Chasse; Ciborium; Crozier; Goldsmithry

Emily Zach Tabuteau (Michigan State Univ.): Evreux

Brigitte Tambrun-Krasker (CNRS): Gemistos Plethon

Filippo Tamburini (Vatican Library): Penitentiaries (Minor); Penitentiary (Apostolic)

Vasilka Tapkova-Zaimova (Bulgarian Academy of Sciences): Boris of Bulgaria; Bulgars; Simeon of Bulgaria; Tsar (Bulgaria)

Huguette Taviani-Carozzi (Univ. of Provence): Aistulf; Desiderus; Lombards; Paul the Deacon (Warnefrid)

Marcello Terzano (Città Nuova): Grottaferrata (Santa Maria di); Hugh of Provence; Remigius of Auxerre; Veszprém; Viterbo; Walther von der Vogelweide; Warwick (County and Earls of)

Gerhard Theuerkauf (Univ. of Hamburg): Bremen; Christian of Denmark; Hamburg; Wends

Jacky Theurot (Univ. Franche-Comté): Charles the Bold

Jacques Thiébaut (Univ. of Lille III): Architect; Cathedral; Gothic Sculpture; Mont-Saint-Michel

Nicole Thierry (EPHE): Cappadocia

Elin Manahan Thomas (Univ. of Cambridge): Brian Boru (Bórama); Dafydd Ap Gwilym; Llywelyn Ap Gruffydd; Llywelyn Ap Iorwerth; Owain Glyndwˆr; Patrick; Welsh Language

Benjamin Thompson (Univ. of Cambridge): Kempe (John)

Robert W. Thomson (Univ. of Oxford): Armenian Literature

Anne Tihon (Univ. of Louvain): Astronomy (Byzantium)

Jean-Marie Tillard (Univ. of Ottawa): Magisterium; Ministry

Jean-Yves Tilliette (Univ. of Geneva): Acrostic; Cento; Classics; Cursus; Epitaph; Etymology; Florilegium; Hildebert of Lavardin; Honorius Augustodunensis; Latin

Franz Tinnefeld (Univ. of Munich): John VI Cantacuzenus

Benoît-Michel Tock (Univ. of Strasbourg): Utrecht; Willibrord; Zealand

Jean-Pierre Torrel (Univ. of Fribourg): Charism; Thomas Aquinas/Thomism

François-Olivier Touati (Univ. of Paris XII): Lazarus; Leper/Leprosy (the West); Leper-House/Leper-Hospital; Saint Lazarus (Order of)

Hélène Toubert: Fresco; Painting (Mural); Saint-Savin

Dusan Trestík (IHP): Boleslas I of Bohemia; Wenceslas I of Bohemia

Jean Tricard (Univ. of Tours): Jacqueries; Revolts

Christian Trottmann (CNRS): Beatific Vision

Gérard Troupeau (EPHE): Bar Hebraeus; Controversy Between Christians and Muslims (the East); Conversion to Islam; Dhimmi; Dionysius of Tell Mahre; Hunayn Ibn Ishaq; Iraq; Jacob of Edessa; John III of Alexandria; John Ibn Sabba‘; John of Nikiu; Severus al-Muqaffa’

Frédérique Trouslard: Anne and Joachim; Daniel; Esther; Ezekiel; Isaac; Isaiah; Jacob; Job (Iconography); John the Evangelist (Iconography); Joseph; Joshua; Noah; Prophets (Minor)

Pierre Tucoo-Chala (Univ. of Pau): Hunting

Dominique Urvoy (Univ. of Toulouse): Averroes/Averroism; Avicenna; Farabi (al); Ghazali (al); Ibn Bajja; Ibn Hazm; Kindi (al-); Philosophy (Muslim); Rhazes

Adriana Valerio (Univ. of Naples): Women (History, the West)

Rudolf T. M. Van Dijk (Nijmegen): Devotio Moderna; Imitation of Christ; Thomas a Kempis; Windesheim

Élisabeth Van Houts (Univ. of Cambridge): Domesday Book; Hereward; Norman Conquest of England; William the Conqueror

Marie-Anne Vannier (Univ. of Strasbourg): Apophatic/Cataphatic; Conversion; Creation (Theology); Demiurge; Eternal Life; Fathers of the Church; Final Ends; Friendship; Good; Hastings; Heaven; Holy Spirit; Pantheism; Providence; Redemption; Salvation (Soteriology); Trinity; Tritheism

Gian Maria Varanini (Univ. of Trent): Ezzelino III da Romano; Morosini (Alberto); Verona

André Vauchez (French School, Rome): Beatification; Benedict and the Benedictine Rule; Canonization (the West); Conciliarism; Cult of the Saints (the West); Ecstasy; Ekbert (Egbert) of Schönau; Elizabeth of Hungary (Thuringia); Francis of Assisi; Free Spirit; Gerard of Brogne; Gilbert of Sempringham; Hagiography (the West); Intercession of Saints; John of Salisbury; Laity; Missions; Richard of Saint-Vanne; Roch; Sacraments (History); Sanctity (the West); Stephen of Muret; Turlupins; Vienne (Council of)

Vladimír Vavrinek (Slavonic Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences): Cyril and Methodius

Silvana Vecchio (Univ. of Pavia): Lie

Lucia Velardi (Città Nuova): Architecture (Ecclesiastical); Carmina Burana; Castle, Fortification (Historical and Political Evolution); Farinata Degli Uberti; Food; Joachim of Fiore (Joachism); Ugolino Della Gherardesca

Paul Verdeyen (St. Ignatius Univ. Faculty, Antwerp): Groenendaal (School of); Ruusbroeck; Spiritual Espousals

Jacques Verger (Univ. of Paris XIII): Abelard (Peter); Adam du Petit Pont; Capreolus; College; Dean (University); Disputatio/Disputation; Fichet (Guillaume); Goliards; Heloise; Lecture; Liberal Arts; Montpellier (University); Nations; Nominalism; Oxford (University of); Paris (University); Rector; Robert Holcot; Robert Kilwardby; Sorbonne

Marie-Humbert Vicaire † : Apostolic Life; Definitor; Diego of Osma; Dominic; Dominic of Flanders; Dominicans; Evangelical Counsels; Evangelical Life; Humbert of Romans; Hyacinth; Jordan of Saxony; Prouille; San Sisto

Dankste Vija (Univ. of Riga): Latvia

Sergij Vilfan † (Univ. of Ljubljana): Slovenia/Slovenes

Catherine Vincent (Univ. of Paris I): Alain de la Roche; Capuciati of le Puy; Chaplet; Confraternity; Danse Macabre; Eudes Rigaud; Fraternities (Monastic); Friars of the Sack; Humbert of Moyenmoutier; Humiliati; Lighting; Militia of Jesus Christ; Mitre; Penitents; Pons of Melgueil; Rosary; Town Planning (the West); Umiliati; Way of the Cross; Wheel of Fortune

Nicholas Vincent (Univ. of Cambridge): Richard of Cornwall; Winchester

Mireille Vincent-Cassy (Univ. of Paris VII): Capital Sins; Vices and Virtues (Moral Theology)

Coloman Viola (formerly CNRS): Amalric of Bena/Amalricians; Bec (le); Jean of Pouilly; John of Genoa; John of Naples; John of Ripa; Lanfranc of Bec; Nature (Idea of); Origen/Origenism; Thomas Gallus

Paolo Viti: Humanism/Humanists (Italy)

Vladimir Vodoff (EPHE): Alexander Nevski; Alexis of Moscow; Bell/Belfry (Russian Church); Canonization (Russian Church); Chronicles/Chroniclers (East Slavs); Cyprian of Kiev; Isidore of Kiev; Ivan III; Kulikovo; Moscow; Novgorod; Pskov; Russia (North-Eastern); Tsar (Slav Lands); Vladimir

Adalbert de Vogüé (formerly Athaeneum St. Anselm, Rome): Active Life/Contemplative Life; Caesarius of Arles; Coenobite/Coenobitism, Fasting and Abstinence, Monasticism (the West, 7th-9th cc.)

Charles Vulliez (Univ. of Paris X): Fleury-Sur-Loire; Jonas of Orléans; Orléans

Christopher Walter: Acheiropoietos; Canon of the Mass (Byzantium); Celibacy (Ecclesiastical, Byzantium); Communion (Byzantium); Dead (Prayers for the, Byzantium); Deesis; Eucharist (Byzantium); Eulogia; Extreme Unction (Byzantium); Funeral (Byzantium); Hymn/Hymnology (Byzantium); Liturgical Time; Liturgical Year (Byzantium); Pantocrator; Presanctified (Mass of the); Province (Ecclesiastical, Byzantium); Sinai; Theophany; Vestments (Liturgical, Byzantium)

Sztychau Hieorhi Wasiliewicz: Polotsk

Teresa Webber (Univ. of Cambridge): Salisbury

Edgard Wéber: Eternity of the World; Henry of Ghent

Édouard-Henri Weber (formerly CNRS): Apologetic; Body; Conscience; Faculty; Intellect; Person; Soul (Animation, the West); Stephen Tempier; Truth (Double); Will

Olga Weijers (Constantijn Huygens Institute, The Hague): Degree (Academic); Doctor; Faculty (University); Licentia Docendi (Licence to Teach); Master

Nicolas Weill-Parot (Univ. of Paris VIII): Alchemy; Ficino (Marsilio); Pico Della Mirandola (Giovanni); Pierre D’Ailly

Ansgar Wildermann (Convent of the Annunciation, Paris): James of Lausanne

Leszek Wojciechowski (Catholic Univ. of Lublin): Casimir; Dlugosz; Ladislas Jagiello

Mary E. Wolinski (Western Kentucky Univ., Bowling Green): Ars Antiqua/Ars Nova; Franco of Cologne (of Paris); Magnus Liber Organi; Pérotin; Pierre de la Croix

Jana Zachová (Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences, Prague): Bohemian Ploughman; John of Nepomuk; Subunists; Utraquists

Élisabeth Zadora-Rio (CNRS): Archaeology (Medieval); Garden; Motte and Bailey; Village

Yolanta Zaluska (CNRS): Abraham; Bible (Iconography)

Gabriele Zanella (Univ. of Basilicata): Duchy; Ferrara

Josef Zemlicka (IHP): Moravia

Monique Zerner (Univ. of Nice): Peter of Castelnau; Peter of Vaux-de-Cernay; Raymond VI of Toulouse; Raymond VII of Toulouse; Simon de Montfort

Michel Zimmermann (Univ. of Versailles-Saint-Quentin): Alfonso I of Asturias; Gonzalo of Berceo; Oliba of Vich; Recared; Saint-Michel-de-Cuxa; Suevi; Visigoths

Piroska Zombory-Nagy: Tears (Gift of)